Kiribati, sawijining negara pulo ing Samudra Pasifik tengah, dumadi saka 33 atol lan pulo sing nyebar ing samodra sing jembar. Kanthi geografi sing kasebar lan sumber daya domestik sing winates, Kiribati gumantung banget marang impor kanggo nyukupi kabutuhan populasi lan ekonomi. Bea impor lan pajak nduweni peran penting kanggo ngatur aliran barang menyang negara, uga ngasilake revenue kanggo pemerintah. Amarga populasi cilik, sistem tarif bea cukai Kiribati relatif langsung nanging isih dipengaruhi dening infrastruktur winates negara lan hubungan perdagangan global.
Ringkesan Sistem Tarif Kiribati
Sistem tarif impor Kiribati dikelola dening Layanan Pabean Kiribati, sing makarya ing sangisore Kementerian Keuangan lan Pembangunan Ekonomi. Sistem iki relatif prasaja, kanthi tugas biasane dileksanakake minangka ad valorem (persentase saka nilai produk) utawa minangka tugas tartamtu (jumlah tetep saben unit produk). Tarif adhedhasar kode Harmonized System (HS), sing digunakake sacara internasional kanggo nggolongake produk dagang.
Bea impor negara kasebut umume dirancang kanggo ngasilake pendapatan, amarga Kiribati ora duwe kemampuan produksi domestik sing signifikan. Pamrentah uga wis fokus kanggo ningkatake hubungan perdagangan lan nyengkuyung pertumbuhan ekonomi sing lestari. Nanging, ana perjanjian perdagangan winates utawa pengaturan tugas preferensial amarga isolasi geografis negara.
Kategori Produk lan Tarif sing Ditrapake
Ing Kiribati, tarif tarif impor beda-beda adhedhasar kategori produk, nggambarake kabutuhan lan prioritas negara kanggo pembangunan ekonomi. Ing ngisor iki ana kategori utama produk impor lan tarif tarif masing-masing:
Produk Pangan lan Barang Pertanian
Minangka negara sing duwe tanah winates kanggo tetanèn, Kiribati gumantung banget marang impor panganan, kalebu bahan pokok kayata beras, glepung, lan barang kaleng. Impor tetanèn umume tundhuk tarif moderat, sanajan sawetara bahan pangan penting diwenehi perawatan khusus kanggo njamin aksesibilitas lan keamanan pangan.
- Beras: Beras, panganan pokok, diimpor kanthi jumlah sing signifikan. Bea impor beras umume saka 5% nganti 15%.
- Glepung: Glepung lan biji-bijian liyane tundhuk tugas moderat 5% nganti 15%.
- Barang Kaleng: Sayuran kaleng, woh-wohan, lan daging biasane kena bea impor 10% nganti 20%. Barang-barang kasebut perlu kanggo nyukupi kabutuhan panganan warga, lan tarif tarif dirancang kanggo njamin kasedhiyan kanthi rega terjangkau.
- Woh-wohan lan Sayuran Seger: Produk seger diwatesi ing Kiribati, mula impor woh-wohan lan sayuran bisa narik tarif saka 10% nganti 20%, gumantung saka jinis produk.
- Produk Susu: Impor susu kayata susu, mentega, lan keju tarif pasuryan saka 10% nganti 25%.
- Daging lan Unggas: Impor daging lan unggas, utamane daging beku, tundhuk bea impor saka 10% nganti 30%, amarga negara kasebut ora duwe peternakan ternak skala gedhe.
- Iwak lan panganan laut: Kiribati ngimpor panganan laut sing akeh amarga jarake karo Samudra Pasifik, kanthi tarif mulai saka 5% nganti 15%.
Barang Konsumsi
Barang-barang konsumen, kalebu sandhangan, elektronik, lan barang-barang rumah tangga, minangka kategori impor sing penting menyang Kiribati. Amarga kapasitas manufaktur domestik sing cilik, negara kasebut ngimpor akeh produk konsumen.
- Sandhangan lan Tekstil: Sandhangan impor biyasane mawa bea saka 10% nganti 30%, gumantung saka jinis kain lan apa barang kasebut saka negara sing duwe perjanjian dagang karo Kiribati.
- Footwear: Sepatu lan alas kaki umume ngadhepi tugas 10% nganti 20%, gumantung saka bahan sing digunakake lan negara asal.
- Elektronik: Barang kayata ponsel, televisi, lan radio kena bea impor sing relatif murah, biasane saka 5% nganti 15%. Sawetara elektronik, utamane sing mbantu komunikasi utawa pendidikan, bisa uga nyuda tugas.
- Perkakas Rumah Tangga: Perkakas kayata kulkas, mesin cuci, lan peralatan pawon umume narik kawigaten saka 10% nganti 20%, sanajan ana pengecualian kanggo model hemat energi.
- Furnitur: Furnitur impor biasane nggawa tarif 10% nganti 25%, kanthi tarif sing luwih dhuwur kanggo perabotan kayu sing mewah utawa impor, nggambarake perlindungan lokal kanggo produksi mebel skala cilik.
Produk Industri
Minangka negara pulo kanthi produksi industri sing winates, Kiribati ngimpor macem-macem produk industri, kayata mesin, bahan konstruksi, lan bahan kimia. Tarif kanggo produk kasebut umume dirancang kanggo ndhukung pembangunan infrastruktur negara nalika njamin keterjangkauan.
- Mesin lan Peralatan: Mesin industri, kalebu peralatan konstruksi, mesin pertanian, lan alat manufaktur, umume ngadhepi bea impor sing sithik, biasane saka 0% nganti 10%.
- Construction Materials: Products such as cement, steel, and lumber used for construction purposes attract tariffs between 5% and 15%, depending on the material and the volume of imports.
- Chemicals: Import duties on chemicals used in manufacturing, agriculture, and industry typically range from 0% to 10%, though certain hazardous chemicals may attract higher tariffs to regulate their use.
- Fuel and Oil: Kiribati imports large quantities of fuel for transportation and electricity generation. Import duties on fuel are typically low, at around 0% to 5%, although additional excise taxes may apply.
Vehicles and Automotive Parts
The import of vehicles and automotive parts is an important sector for Kiribati. Due to the country’s geographic isolation and limited road infrastructure, the importation of vehicles is crucial to maintaining transportation and providing access to remote areas.
- Passenger Vehicles: Import duties on passenger cars generally range from 15% to 25%, depending on the vehicle’s age, engine size, and environmental standards. Newer, more fuel-efficient cars may face lower duties to encourage sustainability.
- Commercial Vehicles: Commercial vehicles such as trucks and buses typically attract duties of 10% to 20%, with exemptions available for vehicles used for essential services like transportation and agriculture.
- Automotive Parts: Automotive parts and accessories, including tires, engines, and spare parts, generally face tariffs between 5% and 15%.
Special Import Duties for Certain Countries
Kiribati has limited preferential trade agreements, and as a result, the country does not have a broad network of special import duty arrangements. However, Kiribati is part of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) and has bilateral agreements with countries such as Australia and New Zealand. These agreements primarily focus on regional cooperation, development assistance, and trade, but they may offer reduced tariffs or exemptions for certain goods.
- Australia and New Zealand: Under the Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER), Kiribati enjoys reduced tariffs on certain goods imported from Australia and New Zealand. These agreements often cover agricultural products, machinery, and basic consumer goods.
- Regional Trade Preferences: As a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional agreements, Kiribati may also benefit from reduced tariffs on goods originating from other Pacific Island nations.
Other Duties and Taxes
In addition to standard import duties, other taxes are levied on imported goods in Kiribati:
- Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN): Kiribati ngetrapake PPN 12% kanggo barang-barang sing diimpor. Pajak iki umume ditrapake ing ndhuwur tugas pabean lan diklumpukake nalika reresik pabean.
- Pajak Cukai: Produk sing dianggep mbebayani utawa barang mewah, kayata tembakau, alkohol, lan ombenan manis, bisa uga kena pajak cukai tambahan. Tarif kanggo pajak cukai beda-beda nanging bisa uga akeh, mulai saka 10% nganti 50% kanggo barang tartamtu.
- Pajak Lingkungan: Sanajan Kiribati ora duwe rezim pajak lingkungan sing ekstensif, kadhangkala ana biaya tambahan sing dileksanakake kanggo produk sing bisa ngaruhi lingkungan, kayata plastik sing ora bisa didaur ulang utawa sampah elektronik.
Fakta Negara
- Jeneng Resmi: Republik Kiribati
- Ibukutha: Tarawa
- Populasi: Kira-kira 120.000 (2023)
- Penghasilan Per Kapita: Kira-kira $3,400 (2023)
- Basa Resmi: Inggris, Gilbertese (Kiribati)
- Mata uang: Dolar Australia (AUD) lan Dolar Kiribati (KID)
- Lokasi: Kiribati dumunung ing Samudra Pasifik tengah, dumadi saka 33 pulo sing nyebar ing area sing ambane watara 3,5 yuta kilometer persegi, kira-kira separo antarane Hawaii lan Australia.
Geografi
- Kiribati kasusun saka 33 pulo, nyebar ing luwih saka 3 yuta kilometer persegi samodra, kanthi mung bagean cilik saka lemah. Kapuloan kasebut dipérang dadi telung klompok utama: Kapuloan Gilbert, Kapuloan Phoenix, lan Kapuloan Line.
- Negara iki umume dataran rendah, kanthi elevasi rata-rata mung 2 meter ing sadhuwure segara, saengga rentan banget marang kenaikan permukaan laut lan owah-owahan iklim.
- Iklim Kiribati tropis, kanthi musim udan lan garing sing béda-béda, lan pulo-pulo kasebut ngalami bebaya alam kayata siklon lan munggahé permukaan segara.